Irrigation sprinkler system supplies water by pipe connection and sprinkler head which distributes by spraying evenly on the air.

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Irrigation Sprinkler System in Kenya

Despite the high-water usage by sprinkler irrigation system, they provide high efficiency in irrigation.

Below are the main reasons why they are vital for wide range of crops.

• Uniform water distribution – the discharge rate of the sprinkler head does not change throughout the rotation.
• Wide area of coverage – sprinklers cover wide areas due to their large spray radius.
• Sufficient water delivery – crops receive adequate water for maximum growth rate.
• Flexibility – sprinkler system can be designed to use a movable sprinkler head.
• Suitable for many crops – wide range of plants are compatible with sprinkler irrigation.
• Simple

What Makes Up Sprinkler Irrigation System

Pump – a high-pressure water pump is vital for pumping water to the irrigation system under high pressure.

HDPE mainline pipe – HDPE pipes are best for mainline connection because they are strong and durable.

Sub-mainline pipe – HDPE pipe smaller than mainline pipe. Supplies water from the mainline to the farm sections where it distributes to sprinkler heads at intervals.

Lateral pipe – delivers water from underlying sub-mainline pipe to the sprinkler head.

Types of Sprinkler Heads

Overhead sprinkler system uses different sprinkler heads as per the water needs, farm size and type of crop.

The common types of sprinklers are:

Impact Sprinklers

Impact sprinkler head is designed from durable noncorrosive plastic or metallic body. It consists of two nozzles that release water under high pressure. The sprinkler has two arms attached to the head which break water into sprays as the sprinkler head rotates. Designed for irrigation of medium spaces.

Rain Gun Irrigation Sprinkler

Large sprinkler devices that release water under high pressure through a sprinkler head designed with a big nozzle and a smaller one beneath it. Made of brass or aluminum metallic body. Rain Gun sprinkler head also has a metallic arm that breaks the spray to disperse it. Smaller nozzle covers the dry patch left.

Ideal for larger farms because of their large radius of coverage.

Micro Sprinklers

Small plastic sprinklers with a butterfly or round shape and nozzle attached in the middle. They deliver high pressure but gentle sprays which result in low surface run-off. They have lower coverage and are ideal for small farms or gardens.

Pop up sprinkler

High pressure sprinkler heads that are best for irrigation of lawns. Pop-up sprinklers are designed with a plastic or metallic body with a spring that allows pop-up during irrigation and retraction when complete. The head has a nozzle which releases water and also operates on a full circle rotation. It has large coverage and adjustable radius of spray.

Crops Suitable for Sprinkler Irrigation System

Sprinkler System is suitable for tall crops and those with high water requirements.

The common examples are vegetables, cereals, cash crops and trees.

• Vegetables – Kales, spinach, cabbages, lettuce, and broccoli.
• Cereals – corn, maize, wheat, rice, and millet.
• Tubers – arrowroots, sweet potatoes, cashew nuts and cassava.
• Cash crops – tea, cotton, barley, and sugarcane.

What to Consider When Designing a Sprinkler System

• Crops to grow – consider what crop you are growing first before you decide to use sprinklers. Not all crops are recommended for sprinkler irrigation.
• Crop water needs – the main factor for proper sprinkler irrigation system design. Matters when choosing sprinkler size to use.
• Farm size – the size of the land helps evaluate the number and best sprinkler size to use.’
• Water source – should be known to determine the sand content and decide which filter to use.

How can you Achieve High Efficiency with Sprinkler System?

• Conduct irrigation in the morning or afternoon to avoid water loss through evaporation.
• Use nozzles or sprinkler heads suitable for soil type. Smaller sprinklers could be ideal for high water holding soil and large sprinklers are best for porous soil.
• Use pressure regulators and ensure correct pressure; if pressure is too high you waste water; too low, coverage or reach is poor.
• Make use of timers or automation to ensure consistent irrigation without excessive watering.
• Maintain the system: clean filters, check for leaks, repair broken heads.
• Monitor soil moisture and plant condition rather than strictly time‑based scheduling.

Sprinklers not Appropriate for:

• Areas without reliable water sources. You must have a water source that yields sufficient volume of water.
• Crops sensitive to leaf wetness in humid conditions (fungal risk).
• Small plots where drip or manual watering may be cheaper.
• Extremely windy areas often experience uneven water distribution.

Steps to Get Irrigation Sprinkler System

Evaluate your water Source

Where are you getting water from? Is there a borehole, river, reservoir, or mains water?

• How much water is available during dry seasons?

Check the quality of water (mineral, dirt) and sand content.

Estimate the water requirements.

The crops you choose to grow, if suitable to irrigate with sprinklers, determines the water flow rates needed. The growth stages should be put into consideration.

Match that with your water supply and pumping capacity.

Get the right sprinkler and complete system components

• For large areas, rain guns might make sense.
• For small spaces or orchards, micro‑sprinklers may be more efficient.
• For landscapes or garden lawns, pop‑ups or impact sprinklers are better.

Choose the reliable pump.

The reliable pump depends on your water needs, head, and depth of the water source.

Electric pumps vs diesel vs solar powered pumps. Solar may have high capital cost but lower running cost.

Plan the layout

• Field shape, slope, zones: you may do multiple zones so you can irrigate different parts on different schedules.
• Pipe sizes, main vs sub‑mains: correct sizing is important to maintain pressure.
• Sprinkler spacing, nozzle sizes: to get even coverage and avoid dry and over‑watered patches.